6th International Thematic Monograph – Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in Present Era

Illegal Migrations through the Applied Theory of Markets and Principles of the Tourism Industry
​​
Suzana Herman   –   University of Applied Science Baltazar Zaprešić, Ul. Vladimira Novaka 23, 10290 Zaprešić, Croatia
Nuša Lazar   –   Dekorina d.o.o., Glavni trg 17/b, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
Rasto Ovin   –   DOBA Business School, Prešernova ulica 1, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
​​
DOI:   https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2021-2022.621
​​​​

Abstract:    Illegal migrations have especially after 2015 been recognized as one of the top priority problems to be solved in the EU. Scattered policies and dissonance among the EU states have mostly been followed by repres­sive ex-post policies being, however, massively attacked by liberal democ­racy. Starting from the Arrow – Debreu theory of markets they analyze these processes from the point of the applied theory of markets. Beyond instabil­ity and insecurity as push factors on the supply side in these processes of illegal immigrants, there is also the emergence of smuggling businesses. The authors try to prove the hypothesis that illegal refugees smuggling does demonstrate clear elements of the tourist industry, apart from entail­ing massive fraud practices. The authors will elaborate on the comparison of business models between a tourist agency and a typical illegal business entity dealing with the smuggling of illegal immigrants. Here, the approach of similarity of business process models will be used. The study will outline some policy proposals for the regulation of the migration market. Deriving from the results, the authors consequently propose market intervention pol­icies and measures, so as to try to frame migration processes regarding the level of benefit for sending and host countries.

Keywords:   Emerging of markets; Similarity of business models approach; Market regulation

​REFERENCES
Aggarwal, V., La China F., and Vaculova L. (2016). Irregular Migration, Refugees and Informal
Labour Markets in the EU: The rise of European Sweatshops? Brussels: EIAS – European
Institute for Asian Studies a.s.b.l.
Antonopoulos, G. A., & Winterdyk, J. (2006). The smuggling of migrants in Greece: An examination
of its social organization. European Journal of Criminology, 3(4), 439-461., Retrieved
on November 24, 2021, at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1477370806067912
Barker, C., (2012). The people smugglers business model., Parliament of Australia, Department
of Parliamentary Services, Retrieved on November 04, 2021, at: https://parlinfo.
aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/2262537/upload_binary/2262537.
pdf;fileType=application/pdf
Bilger, V., Hofmann, M., & Jandl, M. (2006). Human smuggling as a transnational service industry:
Evidence from Austria. International Migration, 44(4), 59-93., Retrieved on November
03, 2021, at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2006.00380.x
Bundeskriminalamt. (2021). Schleusungskriminalität: Bundeslagebild 2020 (Gemeinsames
Bundeslagebild des Bundeskriminalamts und des Bundespolizei). Wiesbaden: BKA.
Bundeskriminalamt & Bundespolizeipräsidium. (2015). Schleusungskriminalität: Bundeslagebild
2015 (Gemeinsames Bundeslagebild des Bundeskriminalamts und des Bundespolizeipräsidiums).
Wiesbaden: BKA.
Bundeskriminalamt & Bundespolizeipräsidium. (2017). Schleusungskriminalität: Bundeslagebild
2016 (Gemeinsames Bundeslagebild des Bundeskriminalamts und des Bundespolizeipräsidiums).
Wiesbaden: BKA.
Campana, P. (2016). Explaining criminal networks: Strategies and potential pitfalls. Methodological
Innovations, 9, 2059799115622748., Retrieved on October 14, 2021, at: https://journals.
sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2059799115622748
Campana, P. (2020). Human smuggling: structure and mechanisms. Crime and Justice, 49(1),
471-519., Retrieved on November 24, 2021, at: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/
handle/1810/304068/C&J%2049__campana_accepted%20version.pdf?sequence=1
Carrington, P. J. (2011). Crime and social network analysis. The SAGE handbook of social network
analysis, 236-255. Retrieved on October 14, 2021, at: https://books.google.si/
Corradini, F., Muzi, C., Re, B., & Tiezzi, F. (2018). A classification of BPMN collaborations
based on safeness and soundness notions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.06178., Retrieved on
October 15, 2021, at: https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.06178
European Commission. (n.d.). Migration and Home Affairs: Irregular migration.
Retrieved on November 8, 2021, at: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/pages/glossary/
irregular-migration_en
European Council. (2002). Council framework Decision of 28 November 2002 on the strengthening
of the penal framework to prevent the facilitation of unauthorised entry, transit and
residence. Official Journal L 328, 05/12/2002 P. 0001 – 0003
European Council. (2021). EU migration policy. Retrieved on October 11, 2021, at: https://www.
consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-migration-policy/
European Parliament. (2021). Understanding EU action against migrant smuggling. European
Parliamentary Research Service. EU policies – Insights PE 659.450 – January 2021.
Retrieved on November 8, 2021, at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/
BRIE/2021/659450/EPRS_BRI(2021)659450_EN.pdf
European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation. (2020). EMSC 4th Annual activity
report – 2020. Retrieved on October 10, 2021, at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/
publications-documents/emsc-4th-annual-activity-report-%E2%80%93-2020
EUROPOL. (2016). Migrant smuggling in the EU. Retrieved on October 10, 2021, at: https://
www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/migrant-smuggling-in-eu
EUROPOL & INTERPOL. (2016). Migrant smuggling networks: Joint Europol-INTERPOL
Report. Retrieved on October 10, 2021, at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/
publications-documents/europol-interpol-report-migrant-smuggling-networks
EUROSTAT. (2013). Glossary: Business functions. Retrieved on October 11, 2021, at: https://
ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Business_functions
Fallone, A. (2021). Analytical Report. Social Capital and Transnational Human Smuggling:
What is the Impact of Counter-Smuggling Policies? Prague Process Secretariat. Vienna
2021. Retrieved on October 10, 2021, at: https://www.pragueprocess.eu/en/migration-observatory/
publications?task=document.preview&id=293&ml=1&iframe=1
Gholami, R., Ravishankar, M. N., Shirazi, F., & Machet, C. (2017). An exploratory study on sustainable
ICT capability in the travel and tourism industry: the case of a global distribution
system provider. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 40(1), 22.,
Retrieved on October 15, 2021, at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol40/iss1/22/
Golovko, E. (2019). Players of many parts: The evolving role of smugglers in West Africa’s migration
economy. Dakar: Mixed Migration Centre. Retrieved on October 11, 2021, at: https://
mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/065_briefing-paper_smugglers_wa.pdf
International Organization for Migration. (2021). Key migration terms. Retrieved on October 11,
2021, at: https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms
Kar, S., & Beladi, H. (2017). A Model of Smuggling and Trafficking of Illegal Immigrants with
a Host Country Policy. Review of Development Economics, 21(3), 698-712, Retrieved on
November 24, 2021, at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rode.12307
Majumdar, M. (1998). In: Majumdar, M. (Ed.) Organizations with incomplete information (pp.
1-19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Migration Data Portal. (2020). Irregular migration. Retrieved on October 11, 2021, at: https://
www.migrationdataportal.org/themes/irregular-migration
Nurbadi, R., Amyus, A., Pratama, B., Kanz, A. F., Fajar, A. N., & Wang, G. (2019). Implementation
of Smart Travel System For Support Travel And Accommodation Industry. In Journal
of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1235, No. 1, p. 012029). IOP Publishing., Retrieved on
October 15, 2021, at: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1235/1/012029/
meta
Naqvi M.A., Jia H. (2014) Computer Reservation System, tourism. In: Jafari J., Xiao H. (eds)
Encyclopedia of Tourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_510-
1, Retrieved on October 11, 2021, at: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007
%2F978-3-319-01669-6_510-1
Orav, A. (2021). Labour market integration of asylum-seekers and refugees. Brussels: EPRS
(European Parliamentary Research Service).
Osterwalder, A. (2004). The business model ontology: A proposition in a design science
approach. Institut d’Informatique et Organisation. Lausanne, Switzerland, University of
Lausanne, Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales HEC, 173., Retrieved on October 15,
2021, at: https://www.patrinum.ch/record/15985/usage
Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries,
game changers, and challengers (Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons., Retrieved on November 4,
2021, at: https://books.google.hr
Podolny, J. M., & Page, K. L. (1998). Network forms of organization. Annual review of sociology,
24(1), 57-76., Retrieved on October 14, 2021, at: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/
abs/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.57
Radner, R. (1970). Problems in the theory of markets under uncertainty. The American Economic
Review, 60(2), 454-460., Retrieved on October 14, 2021, at: https://www.jstor.org/
stable/1815845
Reitano, T., & Tinti, P. (2015). Survive and advance-the economics of smuggling refugees and
migrants into Europe. Institute for Security Studies Papers, 2015(289), 32., Retrieved on
October 15, 2021, at: https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Reitano-Tinti-
Survive-and-advance-the-criminal-economy-of-migrant-smuggling-Dec-2015.pdf
​Roberts, B., Hanson, G., Cornwell, D., & Borger, S. (2010). An analysis of migrant smuggling
costs along the southwest border. DHS Office of Immigration Statistics Working Paper.,
Retrieved on November 24, 2021, at: https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/
Smuggling%20Costs%202010.pdf
Rogovyi, A., Serbov, M., Korol, S., gizi Akhundova, A. H., & Suzdalieva, O. (2020). Features
of business processes model building in the field of international tourism business.
International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 24, 1-7., Retrieved on October 15, 2021,
at: https://www.abacademies.org/articles/features-of-business-processes-model-building-
in-the-field-of-international-tourism-business-9154.html
Schloenhardt, A. (2003). Migrant smuggling: Illegal migration and organised crime in Australia
and the Asia Pacific region. Brill Nijhoff., Retrieved on November 3, 2021, at : https://
brill.com/view/title/8821
Slovenske novice. (2020). Varnostnica tihotapila migrante. 15.09.2020. Retrieved on November 10,
2021, at: https://www.slovenskenovice.si/kronika/doma/varnostnica-tihotapila-migrante/
Spletni časopis. (2019). Višje sodišče udarilo po mizi: tihotapljenje migrantov ni nobena pomoč
ljudem. 08/11/2019. Last updated on: 03/01/2021. Retrieved on November 24, 2021, at: https://
spletnicasopis.eu/2019/11/08/visje-sodisce-svercanje-pakistancev-ni-pomoc-ljudem/
The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. (2018). Understanding contemporary
human smuggling as a vector in migration. Retrieved on October 15, 2021, at:
https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TGIATOC-Understanding-Contemporary-
Human-Smuggling-1936-hi-res.pdf
UNODC (2018). Global Study on Smuggling of Migrant. United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime. Retrieved on October 15, 2021, at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/
glosom/GLOSOM_2018_web_small.pdf
Williams, P. (2001). Transnational criminal networks. Networks and Netwars: the future of terror,
crime, and militancy, 1382, 61-97., Retrieved on November 4, 2021, at: https://books.
google.si